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Rhesus disease can cause jaundice, heart failure, liver failure, etc.
Rhesus disease, also known as Rh disease, affects approximately 276 per 100,000 live births worldwide, with around 50% of untreated cases resulting in death or brain damage. This translates to a significant number of women and babies affected globally.
To give you a better idea, Rh disease is more common in certain populations, with about 15% of Caucasians, 4-8% of Africans, and 0.1-0.3% of Asians being Rh-negative, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Rhesus incompatibility, also known as Rh disease, occurs when a pregnant woman's blood type is Rh-negative and her baby's blood type is Rh-positive.
This mismatch can cause the mother's immune system to react and produce antibodies that attack the baby's red blood cells.
Here are what you should know about Rhesus Incompatibility.
1. What is Rh Incompatibility?
Rh incompatibility happens when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby. The mother's immune system sees the baby's Rh-positive cells as foreign and produces antibodies to fight them.
2. How Common is Rh Incompatibility?
About 15% of Caucasians are Rh-negative, while the prevalence is lower in other ethnic groups. Rh incompatibility affects approximately 1 in 1,000 pregnancies.
3. Risks and Complications
Rh incompatibility can cause hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and in severe cases, heart failure, liver failure, or stillbirth.
4. Symptoms in Babies
Signs of Rh incompatibility in babies include yellow amniotic fluid, jaundice, and enlarged organs (hydrops fetalis).
5. Diagnosis
Rh factor testing is usually done during the first trimester of pregnancy. If you're Rh-negative, your doctor will monitor your pregnancy closely.
6. Treatment
Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM) injections can prevent the mother's immune system from reacting to the baby's Rh-positive cells. These shots are typically given around 28 weeks of pregnancy and within 72 hours of delivery.
7. Prevention
RhoGAM injections are highly effective in preventing Rh sensitization. With proper treatment, the risk of Rh incompatibility can be reduced to less than 1%.
8. First Pregnancy Risks
Rh incompatibility usually isn't a problem in the first pregnancy, but it can affect subsequent pregnancies.
9. Impact on Future Pregnancies
If you've had Rh incompatibility before, your next pregnancy will be closely monitored ¹.
10. Rh Sensitization
If your body has already produced Rh antibodies, your baby is at higher risk.
11. ABO Incompatibility
Interestingly, ABO incompatibility can have a protective effect against Rh alloimmunization ².
12. Risks Factors
Factors increasing the risk of Rh incompatibility include placenta previa, placental abruption, and abdominal trauma.
13. Screening Tests
Ultrasound, amniocentesis, and percutaneous umbilical cord sampling can help diagnose Rh incompatibility.
14. Exchange Transfusions
In severe cases, medical professionals may prescribe exchange transfusions to replace the baby's blood. Some, however, may object to this aspect of therapy.
15. Monitoring
Regular ultrasounds will monitor the baby's condition if Rh incompatibility is detected ¹.
16. Delivery Planning
Your doctor will plan delivery accordingly if Rh incompatibility is a concern.
17. Post-Delivery Care
RhoGAM injections are given within 72 hours of delivery if the baby is Rh-positive.
18. Miscarriage and Rh Incompatibility
RhoGAM may be given after a miscarriage to prevent sensitization.
19. Ectopic Pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy increases the risk of Rh sensitization.
20. Research and Guidelines
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) provides guidelines for managing Rh incompatibility.
References:
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